Central Asian Law

Beckwith, Grant Garrard. “Uzbekistan: Islam, Communism, and Religious Liberty: An Appraisal of Uzbekistan’s 1998 Law “on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”.” Brigham Young University Law Review (2000): 997-1048.

Sections: Introduction; Background; The 1998 Freedom of Conscience Law; Forward Looking Considerations: A Compromise Model

Blitt, Robert C., and W. Cole Durham. “Analysis of the Republic of Tajikistan’s Draft Law ‘About Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions’.” University of Tennessee Legal Studies Research Paper 26 (2008).

Sections: Overview; Positive Aspects of the Draft Law; Article-by-Article Analysis of the Draft Law

Epkenhans, Tim. “Regulating Religion in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Some Remarks on Religious Association Law and ‘Official’ Islamic Institutions in Tajikistan.” Security and Human Rights 1 (2009): 94-99.

Sections: Introduction; Control of and interference in religious affairs: The Soviet legacy; From the qaziyyat to the High Council of ‘Ulama’; The Religious Association Law in Tajikistan; Conclusion

Epkenhans, Tim. “Muslims without Learning Clergy without Faith: Institutions of Islamic Learning in the Republic of Tajikistan.” In Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States, edited by Michael Kemper, Raoul Motika and Stefan Reichmuth, 313-48. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Sections: Introduction, State of research and literature, Islam in pre-Soviet Tajikistan, Islam in Soviet Tajikistan, “Official” Islam, “Parallel” Islam, Independence and Civil War, The early Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, Islam and the state in Tajikistan since 1997, Legal and policy framework, The Law on Religion and its implementation, Official Islamic institutions in Tajikistan, The Islamic centre and the High Council of’Ulama’ of Tajikistan, Mosques, Madrasas, Education, The Islamic University in Dushanbe, Islamic manuals and textbooks, Islamic law and traditional customs, Sufism, Ziyarat and hajj, The Islamic Revival Party after the Peace Accord of 1997, Charter and agenda of the IRPT, The IRPT after Nuri, Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami in Tajikistan, Challenges in the future

Galemba, David. “The Authoritarian Roadblock on Post-Soviet Central Asia’s Long Road to Religious Freedom.” Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion 8 (2007): 1-33.

Sections: Introduction; Historical Overview of Religion in Central Asia; The Authoritarian Roadblock: Paranoid Leaders and their Constraint on Religious Freedom; The Endless Cycle: Oppression Begets Extremism Begets Oppression; Conclusion

Kelly, Christina M. “The United States and Turkmenistan: Striking a Balance between Promoting Religious Freedom and Fighting the War against Terrorism.” Pace International Law Review 15, no. 2 (2003): 481-511.

Sections: Introduction; Turkmenistan; The International Religious Freedom Act; Turkmenistan is a Country of Particular Concern and Should Be So Designated; Conclusion

McCormick, Christy Cutbill. “Exporting the First Amendment: America’s Response to Religious Persecution Abroad.” Journal of International Legal Studies 4 (1998): 283-334.

Sections: Introduction; Recent Attention to Religious Freedom Issues; Americans Justify U.S. Action Based on the Concept of Religious Liberty as Guaranteed by the First Amendment; Worldwide Religious Persecution Continues to Exist in Spite of Guarantees of Religious Freedom in International Law and Individual State Constitutions (Former Soviet Countries; Uzbekistan); How Should America Respond to Religious Persecution Abroad?; Conclusion

“Central Asia.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law, edited by Jonathan Brown. New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2012.

Sections: Introduction to Region, Kazakhstan, The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Bibliography

Podaprigora, Roman. “Religion in Kazakhstan: A General View.” Brigham Young University Law Review (1999): 581-88.

Sections: Introduction; Shortcomings in the Legal Foundation; Conclusion

Turner, Taylor J. “Freedom under Control: Registration of Religious Organizations in Kazakhstan.” Columbia Journal of East European Law 2 (2008): 272-311.

Sections: Introduction; Country Background; Kazakhstan’s Registration Law; Conclusion: Overcoming Problematic Paradigms